1. +
American College of Sports Medicine. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41: 459–471, 2009.
2. +
American College of Sports Medicine. Exercise and physical activity for the older adult. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41: 1510–1530, 2009.
3. +
American College of Sports Medicine. Physical activity and bone health. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36: 1985–1996, 2004.
4. +
American College of Sports Medicine. The female athlete triad. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39: 1867–1882, 2007.
5. +
American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108: 993–1000, 2002.
6. +
Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi T, and Azizi F. Beneficial effects of dietary approaches to stop hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 28: 2823–2831, 2005.
7. +
Behnke AR, Welham WC, and Feen BG. The specific gravity of healthy men: body weight volume as an index of obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association 118: 495–498, 1942.
8. +
Benedict F. Human Vitality and Efficiency Under Prolonged Restricted Diet. The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1919.
9. +
Björntrop P. Regional patterns of fat distribution. Annals of Internal Medicine 103: 994–995, 1985.
10. +
Björntrop P. The fat cell: a clinical view. In Recent Advances in Obesity Research: II, edited by Bray G. Westport: Technomic, 1978, pp. 153–168.
11. +
Blair SN and Nichaman MZ. The public health problem of increasing prevalence rates of obesity and what should be done about it. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 77: 109–113, 2002.
12. +
Bonet ML, Oliver P, and Palou A. Pharmacological and nutritional agents promoting browning of white adipose tissue. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1831: 969–985, 2013.
13. +
Bouchard C. Heredity and the path to overweight and obesity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 23: 285–291, 1991.
14. +
Bray GA. Effect of caloric restriction on energy expenditure in obese patients. Lancet 2: 397–398, 1969.
15. +
Bray GA. The energetics of obesity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 15: 32–40, 1983.
16. +
Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, and Popkin BM. Consumption of high fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79: 537–543, 2004.
17. +
Brodie DA. Techniques of measurement of body composition. Part I. Sports Medicine 5: 11–40, 1988.
18. +
Brodie DA. Techniques of measurement of body composition. Part II. Sports Medicine 5: 74–98, 1988.
19. +
Broeder CE, Burrhus KA, Svanevik LS, and Wilmore JH. The effects of aerobic fitness on resting metabolic rate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55: 795–801, 1992.
20. +
Broeder CE, Burrhus KA, Svanevik LS, and Wilmore JH. The effects of either high-intensity resistance or endurance training on resting metabolic rate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55: 802–810, 1992.
21. +
Brozek J, Grande F, Anderson JT, and Keys A. Densitometric analysis of body composition: revision of some quantitative assumptions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 110: 113–140, 1963.
22. +
Buskirk ER. Underwater weighing and body density: a review of procedures. In Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, edited by Brozek J, and Henschel A. National Research Council, 1961.
23. +
Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, and Heath CW, Jr. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. New England Journal of Medicine 341: 1097–1105, 1999.
24. +
Calles-Escandon J and Horton ES. The thermogenic role of exercise in the treatment of morbid obesity: a critical evaluation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55: 533S–537S, 1992.
25. +
Cameron JR and Sorenson J. Measurement of bone mineral in vivo: an improved method. Science 142: 230–232, 1963.
26. +
Campaigne BN. Body fat distribution in females: metabolic consequences and implications for weight loss. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 22: 291–297, 1990.
27. +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients—United States 1971–2000. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 53: 80–82, 2004.
28. +
Cha SH, Wolfgang M, Tokutake Y, Chohnan S, and Lane MD. Differential effects of central fructose and glucose on hypothalamic malonyl-CoA and food intake. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 16871–16875, 2008.
29. +
Coniglio JG. Fat. In Nutrition Reviews’ Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, D.C.: The Nutrition Foundation, 1984, pp. 79–89.
30. +
Cunningham JJ. Body composition as a determinant of energy expenditure: a synthetic review and a proposed general prediction equation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54: 963–969, 1991.
31. +
Dahlquist A. Carbohydrates. In Nutrition Reviews’ Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, D.C.: The Nutrition Foundation, 1984, pp. 116–130.
32. +
Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, and Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial.
JAMA[JAMA and JAMA Network Journals Full Text] 293: 43–53, 2005.
33. +
Dempster P and Aitkens S. A new air displacement method for the determination of human body composition. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27: 1692–1697, 1995.
34. +
DiPietro L. Physical activity, body weight, and adiposity: an epidemiologic perspective. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 23: 275–303, 1995.
35. +
Donnelly JE, Honas JJ, Smith BK, Mayo MS, Gibson CA, Sullivan DK,
et al Aerobic exercise alone results in clinically significant weight loss for men and women: Midwest Exercise Trial-2. Obesity 21: E219–E228, 2013.
36. +
Donnelly JE, Jakicic J, and Gunderson S. Diet and body composition: effect of very low calorie diets and exercise. Sports Medicine 12: 237–249, 1991.
37. +
DuBois EF. Basal energy, metabolism at various ages: man. In Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, edited by Altman PL, and Dittmer DS. Bethesda, MD: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1968.
38. +
Eastwood M. Dietary fiber. In Nutrition Reviews’ Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, D.C.: The Nutrition Foundation, 1984, pp. 156–175.
39. +
Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, Houston N, Hubbard VS, Nonas CA,
et al 2013 AHA/ACC guidelines on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.003.
40. +
Ellis KJ, Shypailo RJ, Pratt JA, and Pond WG. Accuracy of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for body-composition measurements in children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60: 660–665, 1994.
41. +
Fan JY, Song YQ, Wang YY, Hui RT, Zhang WL. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk coronary heart disease, stroke, and stroke mortality; a systematic review with meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 7: e52182, 2012.
42. +
Finberg L. Clinical assessment of total body water. In Body-Composition Assessments in Youth and Adults, edited by Roche AF. Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories, 1985.
43. +
Flatt JP. Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 683: 122–140, 1993.
44. +
Flatt JP. Use and storage of carbohydrate and fat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Suppl. 61: 952S–959S, 1995.
46. +
Foster GD, Wadden TA, Feurer ID, Jennings AS, Stunkard AJ, Crosby LO,
et al Controlled trial of the metabolic effects of a very-low-calorie diet: short- and long-term effects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51: 167–172, 1990.
47. +
Franz MJ, VanWormer JJ, Crain AL, Boucher JL, Histon T, Caplan W,
et al Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 107: 1755–1767, 2007.
48. +
Garfinkle PE and Garner DM. Anorexia Nervosa. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel, 1982.
49. +
Garn SM. Radiographic analysis of body composition. In Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, edited by Brozek J and Henschel A. National Research Council, 1961.
50. +
Garrow JS. Energy Balance and Obesity in Man. New York NY: Elsevier North-Holland, 1978.
51. +
Going S, Williams D, and Lohman T. Aging and body composition: biological changes and methodological issues. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 23: 411–458, 1995.
52. +
Goldman RF and Buskirk ER. Body volume measurement by underwater weighing: description of a method. In Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, edited by Brozek J, and Henschel A. National Research Council, 1961.
53. +
Guthrie HA and Picciano MF. Human Nutrition. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 1995.
54. +
Ha V, Jayalath VH, Cozma AI, Mirrahimi A, de Souza RJ, and Sievenpiper, JL. Fructose-containing sugars, blood pressure and cardiometabolic risk: a critical review. Current Hypertension Reports 15: 281–297, 2013.
55. +
Hallberg L. Iron. In Nutrition Reviews’ Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, D.C.: The Nutrition Foundation, 1984, pp. 459–478.
56. +
Hill J. Obesity treatment: can diet composition play a role? American College of Physicians 119: 694–697, 1993.
57. +
Hirsch J. Role and benefits of carbohydrate in the diet: key issues for future dietary guidelines. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Suppl. 61: 996S–1000S, 1995.
58. +
Hornbuckle LM, Bassett DR, Jr., and Thompson DL. Pedometer-determined walking and body composition variables in African-American women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37: 1069–1074, 2005.
60. +
Huxley R, Mendis S, Zheleznyakov E, Reddy S, and Chan J. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist : hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk—a review of the literature. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64: 16–22, 2010.
62. +
Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2004.
63. +
Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2002.
64. +
Irwin ML, Yasui Y, Ulrich CM, Bowen D, Rudolph RE, Schwartz RS,
et al Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.
JAMA[JAMA and JAMA Network Journals Full Text] 289: 323–330, 2003.
65. +
Jackson AS and Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition 40: 497–504, 1978.
66. +
Jackson AS and Pollock ML. Practical assessment of body composition. Physician and Sportsmedicine 13: 76–90, 1985.
67. +
Jackson AS, Pollock ML, and Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 12: 175–181, 1980.
68. +
Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA,
et al 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. Published online before print November 12, 2013, doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee.
69. +
Johnston FE and Malina RM. Age changes in the composition of the upper arm in Philadelphia children. Human Biology: An International Record of Research 38: 1–21, 1966.
70. +
Jones DW. Dietary sodium and blood pressure. Hypertension 43: 932–935, 2004.
71. +
Jung RT, Shetty PS, James WP, Barrand MA, and Callingham BA. Reduced thermogenesis in obesity. Nature 279: 322–323, 1979.
72. +
Katch FI. Assessment of lean body tissues by radiography and bioelectrical impedance. In Body-Composition Assessment in Youths and Adults, edited by Roche AF. Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories, 1985.
73. +
Keys A. The Biology of Human Starvation. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota Press, 1950.
74. +
Knittle JL. Obesity in childhood: a problem in adipose tissue cellular development. Journal of Pediatrics 81: 1048–1059, 1972.
75. +
Kris-Etherton P, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Engler M, Howard BV, Krauss RM,
et al Summary of the scientific conference on dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular health: conference summary from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 103: 1034–1039, 2001.
76. +
Kristo AS, Matthan NR, and Lichtenstein AH. Effects of diets differing in glycemic index and glycemic load on cardiovascular risk factors: review of randomized controlled feeding trials Nutrients 5: 1071–1080, 2013.
77. +
Lane MD and Cha SH. Effect of glucose and fructose on food intake via malonyl-CoA signaling in the brain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 382: 1–5, 2009.
78. +
Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Larsson B, Pennert K, Rybo E, and Sjostrom L. Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12 year follow up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed) 289: 1257–1261, 1984.
79. +
Larsson B, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Wilhelmsen L, Bjorntorp P, and Tibblin G. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed) 288: 1401–1404, 1984.
80. +
Lee P, Swarbrick MM, and Ho KKY. Brown adipose tissue in adult humans: a metabolic renaissance. Endocrine Reviews 34: 413–438, 2013.
81. +
Leibel RL, Hirsch J, Appel BE, and Checani GC. Energy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation in diet composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55: 350–355, 1992.
82. +
Lohman T, Houtkooper LB, and Going S. Body fat measurement goes high-tech. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal 1: 30–35, 1997.
83. +
Lohman TG. Advances in Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1992.
84. +
Lohman TG. Applicability of body composition techniques and constants for children and youths. In Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, edited by Pandolf KB. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1986, pp. 325–357.
85. +
Lohman TG. Body composition methodology in sports medicine. Physician and Sportsmedicine 10: 47–58, 1982.
86. +
Lohman TG and Going SB. Multicomponent models in body composition research: opportunities and pitfalls. In Human Body Composition, edited by Ellis KJ, and Eastman JD. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1993, pp. 53–58.
87. +
Lohman TG, Slaughter MH, Boileau RA, Bunt J, and Lussier L. Bone mineral measurements and their relation to body density in children, youth and adults. Human Biology: An International Record of Research 56: 667–679, 1984.
88. +
Ma XY, Liu JP, and Songf ZY. Glycemic load, glycemic index and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 223: 491–496, 2012.
89. +
Mazess RB, Barden HS, Bisek JP, and Hanson J. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bone-mineral and soft-tissue composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51: 1106–1112, 1990.
90. +
McTiernan A, Sorensen B, Irwin ML, Morgan A, Yasui Y, Rudolph RE,
et al Exercise effect on weight and body fat in men and women. Obesity 15: 1496–1512, 2007.
91. +
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. New weight standards for men and women. Statistical Bulletin Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 40: 1–4, 1959.
92. +
Millard-Stafford ML, Collins MA, Evans EM, Snow TK, Cureton KJ, and Rosskopf LB. Use of air displacement plethysmography for estimating body fat in a four-component model. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33: 1311–1317, 2001.
93. +
Mirrahimi A, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, Sievenpiper JL, Beyene J, Hanley AJ,
et al Associations of glycemic index and load with coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. Journal of the American Heart Association 1: e000752, 2012.
94. +
Mole PA. Impact of energy intake and exercise on resting metabolic rate. Sports Medicine 10: 72–87, 1990.
95. +
Morrow JR, Jr., Jackson AS, Bradley PW, and Hartung GH. Accuracy of measured and predicted residual lung volume on body density measurement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 18: 647–652, 1986.
96. +
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2012: With Special Feature on Emergency Care. Hyattsville, MD.: National Center for Health Statistics, 2013, 205.
97. +
National Institutes of Health. Bioelectrical impedance analysis in body composition measurement: NIH Technology Assessment Conference statement. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 1994.
99. +
National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Obesity Research 6 (Suppl 2), 1998.
100. +
National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.
101. +
Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, Keller U, Yancy WS, Jr., Brehm BJ,
et al Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 166: 285–293, 2006.
102. +
Ogden CL and Flegal KM. Changes in terminology for childhood overweight and obesity. National Health Statistics Reports. No. 25, June 25, 2010.
104. +
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, and Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004.
JAMA[JAMA and JAMA Network Journals Full Text] 295: 1549–1555, 2006.
105. +
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, and Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity among adults: United States, 2011–2012. NCHS Data Brief. Number 131, October 2013.
107. +
Passmore R. Energy metabolism at various weights: man. Part II. Resting: adults. In Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, edited by Altman PL, and Dittmer DS. Bethesda, MD: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1968, pp. 344–345.
108. +
Pietrobelli A, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, and Gallagher D. Multi-component body composition models: recent advances and future directions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55: 69–75, 2001.
109. +
Poehlman ET. A review: exercise and its influence on resting energy metabolism in man. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21: 515–525, 1989.
110. +
Poehlman ET, Melby CL, and Goran MI. The impact of exercise and diet restriction on daily energy expenditure. Sports Medicine 11: 78–101, 1991.
111. +
Pollock ML and Wilmore JH. Exercise in Health and Disease. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, 1990.
112. +
Presta E, Casullo AM, Costa R, Slonim A, and Van Itallie TB. Body composition in adolescents: estimation by total body electrical conductivity. J Appl Physiol 63: 937–941, 1987.
113. +
Qiao Q and Nyamdorj R. Is the association of type II diabetes with waist circumference or waist : hip ratio stronger than that with body mass index? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64: 3–34, 2010.
114. +
Rabkin SW, Mathewson FA, and Hsu PH. Relation of body weight to development of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of young North American men after a 26 year observation period: the Manitoba Study. American Journal of Cardiology 39: 452–458, 1977.
115. +
Ratamess N. Body composition status and assessment. In ACSM’s Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, edited by Swain DP. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 287–308.
116. +
Redman LM, Heilbronn LK, Martin CK, Alfonso A, Smith SR, and Ravussin E. Effect of calorie restriction with or without exercise on body composition and fat distribution. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92: 865–872, 2007.
117. +
Rimm AA and White, PL. Obesity: its risks and hazards. In Obesity in America, edited by U.S. Department of Health EaWNIH. Publication No. 79–359, 1979.
118. +
Rising R, Harper IT, Fontvielle AM, Ferraro RT, Spraul M, and Ravussin E. Determinants of total daily energy expenditure: variability in physical activity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59: 800–804, 1994.
119. +
Ross R, Dagnone D, Jones PJ, Smith H, Paddags A, Hudson R,
et al Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 133: 92–103, 2000.
120. +
Ross R, Freeman JA, and Janssen I. Exercise alone is an effective strategy for reducing obesity and related comorbidities. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 28: 165–170, 2000.
121. +
Roust LR, Hammel KD, and Jensen MD. Effects of isoenergetic, low-fat diets on energy metabolism in lean and obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60: 470–475, 1994.
122. +
Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD,
et al Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein and carbohydrates. New England Journal of Medicine 360: 859–873, 2009.
123. +
Saely CH, Geiger K, and Drexel H. Brown versus white adipose tissue: a mini-review. Gerontology 58: 15–23, 2012.
124. +
Schoeller D. Measurement of total body water: isotope dilution techniques. In Body-Composition Assessment in Youths and Adults, edited by Roche AF. Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories, 1985, pp. 24–29.
125. +
Schutte JE, Townsend EJ, Hugg J, Shoup RF, Malina RM, and Blomqvist CG. Density of lean body mass is greater in blacks than in whites. J Appl Physiol 56: 1647–1649, 1984.
126. +
Schutz Y. Concept of fat balance in human obesity revisited with particular reference to de novo lipogenesis. International Journal of Obesity 28: S3–S11, 2004.
127. +
Schwingshackl L and Hoffmann G. Long-term effects of low glycemic index/load vs. high glycemic index/load diets on parameters of obesity and obesity-associated risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 23: 699–706, 2013.
128. +
Segal KR, Burastero S, Chun A, Coronel P, Pierson RN, Jr., and Wang J. Estimation of extra-cellular and total body water by multiple-frequency bioelectrical-impedance measurement. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54: 26–29, 1991.
129. +
Segal KR, Edano A, Blando L, and Pi-Sunyer FX. Comparison of thermic effects of constant and relative caloric loads in lean and obese men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51: 14–21, 1990.
130. +
Segal KR, Gutin B, Presta E, Wang J, and Van Itallie TB. Estimation of human body composition by electrical impedance methods: a comparative study. Journal of Applied Physiology 58: 1565–1571, 1985.
131. +
Segal MS, Gollub E, and Johnson RJ. Is the fructose index more relevant with regards to cardiovascular disease than the glycemic index? European Journal of Nutrition 46: 406–417, 2007.
132. +
Seidell JC. Waist circumference and waist/hip ratio in relation to all-cause mortality, cancer and sleep apnea. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64: 35–41, 2010.
133. +
Sheard NF, Clark NG, Brand-Miller JC, Franz MJ, Pi-Sunyer FX, Mayer-Davis E,
et al Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 27: 2266–2271, 2004.
134. +
Sims EA, Danforth E, Jr., Horton ES, Bray GA, Glennon JA, and Salans LB. Endocrine and metabolic effects of experimental obesity in man. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 29: 457–496, 1973.
135. +
Sinning WE, Dolny DG, Little KD, Cunningham LN, Racaniello A, Siconolfi SF,
et al Validity of “generalized” equations for body composition analysis in male athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 17: 124–130, 1985.
136. +
Sinning WE and Wilson JR. Validity of “generalized” equations for body composition analysis in women athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise Sport 55: 153–160, 1984.
137. +
Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. In Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, edited by Brozek J, and Henschel A. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1961, pp. 223–244.
138. +
Sjöström LV. Morbidity of severely obese subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55: 508S–515S, 1992.
139. +
Sjöström LV. Mortality of severely obese subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55: 516S–523S, 1992.
[PubMed: 1531097]
140. +
Slentz CA, Duscha BD, Johnson JL, Ketchum K, Aiken LB, Samsa GP,
et al Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE—a randomized controlled study.
Archives of Internal Medicine 164: 31–39, 2004.
[PubMed: 14718319]
141. +
Stefanick ML. Exercise and weight control.
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 21: 363–396, 1993.
[PubMed: 8504848]
142. +
Stevens J, Katz EG, and Huxley RR. Associations between gender, age and waist circumference.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64: 6–15, 2010.
[PubMed: 19738633]
143. +
Swinburn B and Ravussin E. Energy balance or fat balance?
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57: 766S–770S; discussion 770S–771S, 1993.
[PubMed: 8475894]
144. +
Tataranni PA, Larson DE, Snitker S, and Ravussin E. Thermic effect of food in humans: methods and results from use of a respiratory chamber.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61: 1013–1019, 1995.
[PubMed: 7733021]
145. +
Thomas JG, Bond DS, Hill JO, and Wing RR. The national weight control registry. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal 15: 8–12, 2011.
146. +
Thompson CA and Thompson PA. Healthy lifestyle and cancer prevention. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal 12: 18–26, 2008.
147. +
Thompson DL. Body composition. In Fitness Professional’s Handbook. Eds. Howley ET and Thompson, DL. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2017.
148. +
Thompson DL, Rakow J, and Perdue SM. Relationship between accumulated walking and body composition in middle-aged women.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36: 911–914, 2004.
[PubMed: 15126729]
149. +
Tremblay A. Dietary fat and body weight set point.
Nutrition Reviews 62: S75–77, 2004.
[PubMed: 15387471]
151. +
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2010.
152. +
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2015–20.
153. +
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008.
154. +
U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. Eating in America: Dietary Goals for the U.S. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.
155. +
Van Itallie T. Clinical assessment of body fat content in adults: potential role of electrical impedance methods. In Body-Composition Assessment in Youths and Adults, edited by Roche AF. Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories, 1985, pp. 5–8.
156. +
Van Itallie TB. Conservative approaches to treatment. In Obesity in America, edited by Bray G. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. NIH Publication No. 79–359, 1979.
157. +
Van Loan MD, Keim NL, Berg K, and Mayclin PL. Evaluation of body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and two different software packages. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27: 587–591, 1995.
158. +
Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Westerterp KR, Wouters L, Luijendijk SC. Validation of bioelectrical-impedance measurements as a method to estimate body-water compartments.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60: 159–166, 1994.
[PubMed: 8030592]
159. +
Vasselli JR, Cleary MP, and Van Itallie TB. Obesity. In Nutrition Reviews’ Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, D.C.: The Nutrition Foundation, 1984, pp. 35–36.
160. +
Ward A, Pollock ML, Jackson AS, Ayres JJ, and Pape G. A comparison of body fat determined by underwater weighing and volume displacement.
American Journal of Physiology 234: E94–96, 1978.
[PubMed: 623256]
161. +
Wardlaw GM, Smith AM, and Collene AL. Contemporary Nutrition—A Functional Approach. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2013.
162. +
Weinberger MH. Sodium and blood pressure 2003.
Current Opinion in Cardiology 19: 353–356, 2004.
[PubMed: 15218395]
163. +
Weinsier RL, Schutz Y, and Bracco D. Reexamination of the relationship of resting metabolic rate to fat-free mass and to the metabolically active components of fat-free mass in humans.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55: 790–794, 1992.
[PubMed: 1550060]
164. +
Welk GJ and Meredith MD (eds). FITNESS-GRAM®/ACTIVITYGRAM® Reference Guide (3rd ed). Dallas, TX: The Cooper Institute, 2008.
166. +
Wilmore JH. Body composition in sport and exercise: directions for future research. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 15: 21–31, 1983.