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Objectives
By studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Explain the basic principles of training: overload, reversibility, and specificity.
Discuss the role that genetics plays in determining V̇O2 max.
Describe the typical change in V̇O2 max with endurance-training programs and the effect of the initial (pretraining) value on the magnitude of the increase.
Identify typical V̇O2 max values for various sedentary, active, and athletic populations.
Understand the contribution of heart rate, stroke volume, and the a-v̄ O2 difference in determining V̇O2 max.
Discuss how training increases V̇O2 max.
Define preload, afterload, and contractility, and discuss the role of each in the increase in the maximal stroke volume that occurs with endurance training.
Describe the changes in muscle structure that are responsible for the increase in the maximal a-v̄ O2 difference with endurance training.
List and discuss the primary changes that occur in skeletal muscle as a result of endurance training.
Explain how “high-intensity” endurance training improves acid-base balance during exercise.
Outline the “big picture” changes that occur in skeletal muscle as a result of exercise training and discuss the specificity of exercise training responses.
List the four primary signal transduction pathways in skeletal muscle.
List and define the function of important secondary messengers in skeletal muscle.
Outline the signaling events that lead to endurance training-induced muscle adaptation.
Discuss how changes in “central command” and “peripheral feedback” following an endurance training program can lower the heart rate, ventilation, and catecholamine responses to a submaximal exercise bout.
Describe the underlying causes of the decrease in V̇O2 max that occurs with cessation of endurance training.
Discuss the effect of anaerobic training on performance during short-duration, high-intensity exercise.
Describe the effect of anaerobic on the biochemical properties of skeletal muscle fibers.
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Outline
Principles of Training
Endurance Training and V̇O2 Max
Why Does Exercise Training Improve V̇O2 Max?
Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis
Endurance Training-Induced Changes in Fiber Type and Capillarity
Endurance Training Increases Mitochondrial Content in Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Training-Induced Changes in Muscle Fuel Utilization
Endurance Training Improves Muscle Antioxidant Capacity
Exercise Training Improves Acid-Base Balance during Exercise
Molecular Bases of Exercise Training Adaptation
Training Adaptation—Big Picture
Specificity of Exercise Training Responses
Primary Signal Transduction Pathways in Skeletal Muscle
Secondary Messengers in Skeletal Muscle
Signaling Events Leading to Endurance Training-Induced Muscle Adaptation
Endurance Training: Links between Muscle and Systemic Physiology
Peripheral Feedback
Central Command
Detraining Following Endurance Training
Muscle Adaptations to Anaerobic Exercise Training
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Key Terms
5’adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK)
bradycardia
calciuneurin
CaMK (calmodulin-dependent kinase)
IGF-1/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
NFκB (nuclear factor kappa B)
overload
PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α)
p38 (mitogen activated kinase p38)
reversibility
specificity
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