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Objectives
By studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Contrast infectious with degenerative diseases as causes of death.
Identify the three major categories of risk factors and examples of specific risk factors in each.
Describe the difference between primary and secondary risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD).
Characterize physical inactivity as a coronary heart disease risk factor comparable to smoking, hypertension, and high serum cholesterol.
Describe the process of atherosclerosis related to coronary heart disease.
Describe the role of low-grade chronic inflammation in the development of chronic diseases.
Describe the metabolic syndrome and possible causes.
Describe the role of diet and physical activity from an anti-inflammatory standpoint.
Describe the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and the role of physical activity for treatment of both conditions.
Describe the role of physical activity for the prevention of many common forms of cancer, and the influence on cancer treatment, recurrence, and survival.
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Outline
Physical Activity and Health
Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases
Inherited/Biological
Environmental
Behavioral
Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Sedentary Behavior and All-Cause Mortality
The Risk of Physical Inactivity Versus the Benefits of Being Active
Physical Activity and Hypertension
Physical Activity and Obesity
Physical Activity and Dyslipidemia
Inflammation and Coronary Heart Disease
Obesity, Inflammation, and Chronic Disease
Healthy Eating and Physical Activity to Combat Inflammation
The Metabolic Syndrome
Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome
Comorbidities and the Metabolic Syndrome
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as Causes of the Metabolic Syndrome
Diabetes
The Prevalence and Diagnosis of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
The Clinical Progression of Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes and the Benefits of Physical Activity
Cancer
The Link Between Physical
Activity, Cancer Prevention, and Disease Occurrence
Cancer Treatment and Survival
Muscle and Bone Mineral Density Loss in Cancer Patients Undergoing Treatment
Physical Activity and Cancer Survival
Physical Activity and Exercise During Chemotherapy
The Role of Physical Activity in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients
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Key Terms
atherosclerosis
comorbidity
degenerative diseases
hyperglycemia
hypertension
infectious diseases
low-grade chronic inflammation
metabolic syndrome
prediabetes
primary risk factor
secondary risk factor
type 1 diabetes
type 2 diabetes
web of causation
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Worldwide, the leading causes of disease and death are related to lifestyle behaviors. Figure 15.1 presents recent statistics that outline the leading causes of death on an annual basis. Of the top six causes of mortality, five are directly related to lifestyle behaviors like being physically inactive and consuming an unhealthy diet (37). While these data represent death rates in the United States, the numbers are similar in industrialized nations throughout the world. There is absolutely no question that physical inactivity is a major risk factor for numerous chronic diseases including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer (87). In this section of the textbook, the Physiology of Health and Fitness, we focus on the importance of ...