3-MH | 3-methylhistidine |
24HR | 24-hour dietary recall |
25(OH)D | serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D |
AA | amino acids |
ABP | Athlete Biological Passport |
AC | activation coefficient |
ACL | anterior cruciate ligament |
ACSM | American College of Sports Medicine |
ACT | Australian Capital Territory |
ADP | adenosine diphosphate |
AI | adequate intake |
AIS | Australian Institute of Sport |
ALA | alpha-linoleic acid |
AMDR | acceptable macronutrient distribution range |
AMP | adenosine monophosphate |
AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
ASADA | Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority |
AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
AT | adaptive thermogenesis |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
BIA | bioelectrical impedance analysis |
BIS | bioelectrical spectroscopy |
BM | body mass |
BMD | bone mineral density |
BMI | body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m2)) |
BMR | basal metabolic rate |
CHO | carbohydrate |
CO2 | carbon dioxide |
CP | creatine phosphate |
CT | computed tomography |
CV | coefficient of variation |
CYP2R1 | cytochrome P-450 system |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
DHEA | dehydroepiandrosterone |
DIASS | Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score |
DIT | diet-induced thermogenesis |
DLW | doubly labelled water |
DNL | de novo lipogenesis |
DONE | Determinants of Nutrition and Eating |
DRI | dietary reference intake |
DRV | dietary reference value |
DXA | dual energy X-ray absorptiometry |
EA | energy availability |
EAA | essential amino acids |
E-AC | co-enzyme activity |
EAR | estimated average requirement |
E-ASTAC | erythrocyte aspartate amino transferase activation coefficient |
EE | energy expenditure |
EEE | energy expended in exercise |
EER | estimated energy requirement |
EFSA | European Food Safety Authority |
E-GRAC | erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficients |
EI | energy intake |
EI:BMR | ratio of reported energy intakes (EI) to predicted basal metabolic rates (BMR) |
Ein | energy in (energy intake) |
Eout | energy out |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
EPOC | excess post-exercise oxygen consumption |
EXOS | exercise-oxidative stress |
FA | fatty acid(s) |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration (USA) |
FFA | free fatty acids |
FFM | fat-free mass |
FFQ | food frequency questionnaire |
FHA | functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea |
FM | fat mass |
FODMAPS | fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols |
FRAR | food-related adverse reactions |
FT | fast twitch |
GER | gastro-oesophageal reflux |
GERD | gastro-oesophageal reflux disease |
GH | growth hormone |
GI | glycaemic index |
GIT | gastrointestinal tract |
GLUT | glucose transporter |
GnRH | gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
HACCP | hazard analysis and critical control points |
Hbmass | haemoglobin mass |
HBV | high biological value |
IBD | inflammatory bowel disease |
IBS | irritable bowel syndrome |
IDA | iron deficiency anaemia |
IDNA | iron deficiency non-anaemia |
IGF-I and IGF-II | insulin-like growth factors I and II |
IL-6 | interleukin 6 |
IOC | International Olympic Committee |
IPC | International Paralympic Committee |
ISAK | International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry |
ISCD | International Society for Clinical Densitometry |
IV | intravenous |
LA | linoleic acid |
LBM | lean body mass |
LCHF | low CHO, high fat |
LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
LEA | low energy availability |
LEU | leucine |
LH | luteinising hormone |
LMI | lean mass index |
MCHC | mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration |
MCV | mean cell volume |
MDA | malondialdehyde |
MET | metabolic equivalent of task |
MPS | muscle protein synthesis |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
mRNA | messenger RNA |
MW | minimal weight |
NAD | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
NEAT | non-exercise activity thermogenesis |
NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
NHMRC | National Health and Medical Research Council |
NMES | neuromuscular-electrical stimulation |
NRV | nutrient reference value |
NSAID | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
NSW | New South Wales |
OC | osteocalcin |
PAL | physical activity level |
PCOS | polycystic ovarian syndrome |
PHV | peak height velocity |
PICP | procollagen carboxyterminal propeptide |
PINES | Professionals in Nutrition and Exercise Science |
PLP | plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate |
PTH | parathyroid hormone |
RBC | red blood cells |
RCT | randomised controlled trial |
RDI (also RDA) | recommended dietary intake |
RED-S | relative energy deficiency in sport |
RER | respiratory exchange ratio |
RMR | resting metabolic rate |
RMRratio | ratio between measured and predicted resting metabolic rate |
RN | recommended nutrient intake |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RPE | rate of perceived exertion |
RQ | respiratory quotient |
SD | standard deviation |
SDT | suggested dietary targets |
SF | serum ferritin |
SMR | sleep metabolic rate |
SNRI | selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor |
SPA | spontaneous physical activity |
SSRI | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
sTfR | soluble/serum transferrin receptor |
sTfR-F index | ratio of sTfR to log SF |
TBARS | thiobarbituric acid reactive substances |
TCA | tricarboxylic acid |
TEA | thermic effect of activity |
TEE | thermic effect of exercise |
TEF | thermic effect of food |
TEM | thermic effect of a meal |
TfR | transferrin receptors |
TGA | Therapeutic Goods Administration (Australia) |
TK | transketolase |
UIL | upper intake level |
UK | United Kingdom |
UL | upper level of intake |
URTI | upper respiratory tract infection |
USA | United States of America |
UV | ultraviolet |
UWW | underwater weighing |
VDBP | vitamin D-binding protein |
VO2max | maximal oxygen uptake |
VO2peak | peak oxygen uptake |
W | watt |
WA | Western Australia |
WADA | World Anti-Doping Agency |
WHO | World Health Organization |
ww | wet weight |