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Appendix C: Directional Movements for Body Joints

C–1

Neck extension. ©William E. Prentice

The side profile of a woman extending her neck backward with her face facing upward and an arrow indicating the motion in counterclockwise direction.
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C–2

Neck flexion. ©William E. Prentice

The side profile of a woman flexing her neck forward with her chin touching her chest and an arrow indicating the motion in clockwise direction.
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C–3

Neck lateral side-bending. ©William E. Prentice

The profile of a woman bending her neck to the right. An arrow from the left pointing toward her head indicates the direction of motion.
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C–4

Neck rotation. ©William E. Prentice

The profile of a woman turning her neck to her left and an arrow indicating the range and direction of motion.
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C–5

Shoulder flexion. ©William E. Prentice

A woman flexes her right arm with her upper limb raised above the head and an arrow indicates the range and direction of motion.
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C–6

Shoulder extension. ©William E. Prentice

A woman extends her right arm backward and an arrow indicates the range and direction of motion.
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C–7

Shoulder abduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman raises her arm with her upper limb raised above the head and an arrow indicates the range and motion in clockwise direction.
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C–8

Shoulder adduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman lowers her right arm with her upper limb close to her hip and an arrow indicates the range and motion in counter clock-wise direction.
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C–9

Shoulder horizontal abduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman raises her right arm to shoulder level and an arrow indicates the range and motion in clockwise direction.
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C–10

Shoulder horizontal adduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman moves her right arm horizontally across her chest to the other side and an arrow indicates the range and direction of motion.
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C–11

Shoulder internal rotation. ©William E. Prentice

A woman folds her right arm internally to 90 degrees toward the torso. An arrow indicates the direction of motion.
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C–12

Shoulder external rotation. ©William E. Prentice

A woman folds her right arm externally to 90 degrees away from the body. An arrow indicates the direction of motion.
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C–13

Shoulder scaption. ©William E. Prentice

A woman lifts her right upper limb forward to shoulder level. An arrow indicates the direction and range of motion.
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C–14

Shoulder circumduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman bends forward slightly above the hip level and rotates her right limb in circular pattern. An arrow indicates the clockwise rotation of limb.
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C–15

Elbow extension. ©William E. Prentice

A woman bends forward slightly above the hip level and rotates her right limb in circular pattern. An arrow indicates the clockwise rotation of limb.
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C–16

Elbow flexion. ©William E. Prentice

The lateral view of a woman standing with her elbow flexed. An arrow indicates the range and motion in counter clock-wise direction.
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C–17

Forearm pronation. ©William E. Prentice

A fist with the elbow flexed to 90 degrees and the palm facing down. An arrow above the fist indicates the clockwise movement.
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C–18

Forearm supination. ©William E. Prentice

A fist with the elbow flexed to 90 degrees and the palm facing up. An arrow above the fist indicates the counter clock-wise movement.
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C–19

Wrist extension. ©William E. Prentice

An extended arm with the palm facing upward and bent downward from the wrist. An arrow indicates the motion in clockwise direction.
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C–20

Wrist flexion. ©William E. Prentice

An extended arm with the palm facing the left and bent upward from the wrist. An arrow indicates the motion in counter clock-wise direction.
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C–21

Wrist radial deviation. ©William E. Prentice

A palm facing forward bent from the wrist laterally, away from the body. An arrow indicates the motion of the palm toward the left.
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C–22

Wrist ulnar deviation. ©William E. Prentice

A palm facing forward bent from the wrist laterally, toward the body. An arrow indicates the motion of the palm toward the right.
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C–23

Finger extension. ©William E. Prentice

The palm and fingers facing up with thumb abducted. An arrow indicates range and movement from palm to fingers in counter clock-wise direction.
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C–24

Finger flexion. ©William E. Prentice

A fist with palm facing up. An arrow indicates the range and movement in clockwise direction toward the fist.
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C–25

Finger abduction. ©William E. Prentice

A palm facing forward with fingers spread out and extended. Bidirectional arrows indicate the range and direction of movement between the fingers.
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C–26

Finger adduction. ©William E. Prentice

A palm facing forward with fingers extended together and thumb extended. An arrow from the top and the bottom point toward index and little finger.
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