Appendix B. Joint Range of Motion

Range of elbow joint motion: flexion–extension and hyperextension.

Range of forearm motion: pronation and supination.

Range of wrist joint movement: (a) flexion–extension and hyperextension; (b) radial and ulnar flexion.

Range of arm movement on trunk (involving both shoulder joint and shoulder girdle): (a) abduction and adduction; (b) flexion and hyperextension; (c) horizontal adduction and abduction.

Range of arm movement on trunk (involving both shoulder joint and shoulder girdle): (a) rotation with arm at side; (b) rotation with arm in abduction; (c) internal rotation posteriorly.

Range of shoulder joint (glenohumeral) motion: (a) starting position; (b) abduction; (c) sideward-upward elevation of arm (combining abduction of arm and upward rotation of scapula).

Range of hip joint flexion: (a) starting position; (b) maximal flexion without rotating pelvis.

Range of hip joint movement: (a) hyperextension; (b) inward and outward rotation; (c) abduction.

Range of knee joint motion: flexion–extension and hyperextension.

Range of ankle joint dorsiflexion and plantar flexion with knee in flexed position.

Range of motion in the thoracic and lumbar spine: (a) hyperextension; (b) lateral flexion.