1. Singer KP, Boyle JJW, Fazey P: Comparative anatomy of the zygapophyseal joints. In: Boyling JD, Jull GA, eds. Grieve's Modern Manual Therapy: The Vertebral Column. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, 2004:17–29.
2. Bogduk N, Twomey LT: Anatomy and biomechanics of the lumbar spine. In: Bogduk N, Twomey LT, eds. Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine and Sacrum, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1997:2–53; 81–152;171–176.
3. Neumann DA: Axial skeleton: osteology and arthrology. In: Neumann DA, ed. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Physical Rehabilitation. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2002:251–310.
4. Singer KP, Giles LGF: Manual therapy considerations at the thoracolumbar junction: an anatomical and functional perspective.
J Man Physiol Ther 13:83–88, 1990.
[PubMed: 2307924]
5. Pal GP, Sherk HH: The vertical stability of the cervical spine.
Spine 13:447, 1988.
[PubMed: 3187688]
6. Pal GP, Routal RV, Saggu SK: The orientation of the articular facets of the zygapophyseal joints at the cervical and upper thoracic region.
J Anat 198:431–441, 2001.
[PubMed: 11327205]
7. Pal GP, Routal RV: The role of the vertebral laminae in the stability of the cervical spine.
J Anat 188:485–489, 1996.
[PubMed: 8621347]
8. Pal GP, Routal RV: A study of weight transmission through the cervical and upper thoracic regions of the vertebral column in man.
J Anat 148:245–261, 1986.
[PubMed: 3693090]
9. Gregersen GG, Lucas DB: An in vivo study of the axial rotation of the human thoracolumbar spine.
J Bone Joint Surg Am 49:247–262, 1967.
[PubMed: 6018729]
10. Lundon K, Bolton K: Structure and function of the lumbar intervertebral disk in health, aging, and pathological conditions.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31:291–306, 2001.
[PubMed: 11411624]
11. White AA, Punjabi MM: Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1990.
12. Buckwalter JA: Spine update: aging and degeneration of the human intervertebral disc.
Spine 20:1307–1314, 1995.
[PubMed: 7660243]
13. Huijbregts PA: Lumbopelvic region: anatomy and biomechanics. In: Wadsworth C, ed. Current Concepts of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy – Home Study Course. La Crosse, WI: Orthopaedic Section, APTA, 2001.
14. Mercer S: Comparative anatomy of the spinal disc. In: Boyling JD, Jull GA, eds. Grieve's Modern Manual Therapy: The Vertebral Column. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, 2004:9–16.
15. Schmorl G, Junghanns H: The Human Spine in Health and Disease, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton, 1971.
16. Wigh R: The thoracolumbar and lumbosacral transitional junctions.
Spine 5:215–222, 1980.
[PubMed: 7394660]
17. Reeves NP, Cholewicki J, Narendra KS: Converging on a stable definition of spine stability. Clin Biomech 22:487–488, 2007.
18. Panjabi MM: The stabilizing system of the spine. Part 1. Function, dysfunction adaption and enhancement.
J Spinal Disord 5:383–389, 1992.
[PubMed: 1490034]
19. Panjabi MM: Clinical spinal instability and low back pain.
J Electromyogr Kinesiol 13:371–379, 2003.
[PubMed: 12832167]
20. Hodges PW: Motor control of the trunk. In: Boyling JD, Jull GA, eds. Grieve's Modern Manual Therapy: The Vertebral Column. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, 2004:119–139.
21. Tencer AF, Ahmed AM: The role of secondary variables in the measurement of the mechanical properties of the lumbar intervertebral joint.
J Biomech Eng 103:129–137, 1981.
[PubMed: 7278189]
22. Wilder DG, Pope MH, Seroussi RE, et al.: The balance point of the intervertebral motion segment: an experimental study.
Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst 49:155–169, 1989.
[PubMed: 2557938]
23. Bergmark A: Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering. Acta Orthop Scand 230:20–24, 1989.
24. Hodges P, Richardson C: Inefficient muscular stabilisation of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain: a motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine 21:2540–2650, 1996.
25. Richardson CA, Jull GA, Hodges P, et al.: Therapeutic Exercise for Spinal Segmental Stabilization in Low Back Pain. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999.
26. Cholewicki J, McGill S: Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: implications for injury and chronic low back pain.
Clin Biomech 11:1–15, 1996.
[PubMed: 11415593]
27. Stokes IAF, Gardner-Morse M: Lumbar spine maximum efforts and muscle recruitment patterns predicted by a model with multijoint muscles and joints with stiffness. J Biomech 27:1101–1104, 1994.
28. Comerford MJ, Mottram SL: Functional stability re-training: principles and strategies for managing mechanical dysfunction.
Man Ther 6:3–14, 2001.
[PubMed: 11243904]
29. Comerford MJ, Mottram SL: Movement and stability dysfunction-contemporary developments.
Man Ther 6:15–26, 2001.
[PubMed: 11243905]
30. Givens-Heiss D: Dynamic lumbar stability. In: Hughes C, ed. Movement Disorders and Neuromuscular Interventions for the Trunk and Extremities – Independent Study Course 18.2.4. La Crosse, WI: Orthopaedic Section, APTA, Inc., 2008:1–23.
31. Panjabi M, Abumi K, Duranceau J, et al.: Spinal stability and intersegmental muscle forces. A biomechanical model.
Spine 14:194–199, 1989.
[PubMed: 2922640]
32. Solomonow M, Zhou BH, Harris M, et al.: The ligamento-muscular stabilizing system of the spine.
Spine 23:2552–2562, 1998.
[PubMed: 9854754]
33. Stubbs M, Harris M, Solomonow M, et al.: Ligamento-muscular protective reflex in the lumbar spine of the feline.
J Electromyogr Kinesiol 8:197–204, 1998.
[PubMed: 9779393]
34. Solomonow M, Zhou BH, Baratta RV, et al.: Biomechanics and electromyography of a cumulative lumbar disorder: response to static flexion.
Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 18:890–898, 2003.
[PubMed: 14580832]
35. Bowman SM, Keaveny TM, Gibson LJ, et al.: Compressive creep behavior of bovine trabecular bone.
J Biomech 27:301–310, 1994.
[PubMed: 8051190]
36. Brinckmann P, Biggemann M, Hilweg D: Fatigue fracture of human lumbar vertebrae. Clin Biomech 3:(Suppl):S1–S23, 1988.
37. Mannion AF, Connolly B, Wood K, et al.: The use of surface EMG power spectral analysis in the evaluation of back muscle function.
J Rehabil Res Dev 34:427–439, 1997.
[PubMed: 9323646]
38. Roy SH, De Luca CJ, Casavant DA: Lumbar muscle fatigue and chronic lower back pain.
Spine 14:992–1001, 1989.
[PubMed: 2528828]
39. Best TM, McElhaney J, Garrett WE, Jr., et al.: Characterization of the passive responses of live skeletal muscle using the quasi-linear theory of viscoelasticity.
J Biomech 27:413–419, 1994.
[PubMed: 8188722]
40. Keller TS, Spengler DM, Hansson TH: Mechanical behavior of the human lumbar spine, I: creep analysis during static compressive loading.
J Orthop Res 5:467–478, 1987.
[PubMed: 3681521]
41. Heiss DG, Shields RK, Yack HJ: Anticipatory control of vertical lifting force and momentum during the squat lift with expected and unexpected loads. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31:708–723; discussion 724–729, 2001.
42. Bertucco M, Cesari P: Does movement planning follow Fitts' law? Scaling anticipatory postural adjustments with movement speed and accuracy.
Neuroscience 171:205–213, 2010.
[PubMed: 20804822]
43. Toussaint HM, Michies YM, Faber MN, et al.: Scaling anticipatory postural adjustments dependent on confidence of load estimation in a bi-manual whole-body lifting task.
Exp Brain Res 120:85–94, 1998.
[PubMed: 9628406]
44. Toussaint HM, Commissaris DA, Beek PJ: Anticipatory postural adjustments in the back and leg lift.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 29:1216–1224, 1997.
[PubMed: 9309634]
45. Toussaint HM, Commissaris DA, Hoozemans MJ, et al.: Anticipatory postural adjustments before load pickup in a bi-manual whole body lifting task.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 29:1208–1215, 1997.
[PubMed: 9309633]
46. Grieve GP: Common Vertebral Joint Problems. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc, 1981.
47. American Medical Association: Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. 5th ed. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 2001.
48. Aiderink GJ: The sacroiliac joint: review of anatomy, mechanics and function. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 13:71, 1991.
49. Lee DG: The pelvic girdle: an approach to the examination and treatment of the lumbo-pelvic-hip region. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1999.
50. Grieve GP: The sacroiliac joint.
Physiotherapy 62:384–400, 1976.
[PubMed: 802002]
51. Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Hill RJ: A more precise diagnosis for low back pain.
Spine 4:102–109, 1979.
[PubMed: 162546]
52. Wang M, Bryant JT, Dumas GA: A new in vitro measurement technique for small three-dimensional joint motion and its application to the sacroiliac joint.
Med Eng Phys 18:495–501, 1996.
[PubMed: 8843405]
53. Van der Wurff P, Meyne W, Hagmeijer RHM: Clinical tests of the sacroiliac joint, a systematic methodological review. part 2: validity. Man Ther 5:89–96, 2000.
54. Ross J: Is the sacroiliac joint mobile and how should it be treated?
Br J Sports Med 34:226, 2000.
[PubMed: 10854029]
55. Miller JAA, Schultz AB, Andersson GBJ: Load-displacement behaviour of sacroiliac joints.
J Orthop Res 5:92–101, 1987.
[PubMed: 3819915]
56. Vleeming A, Van Wingerden JP, Dijkstra PF: Mobility in the sacroiliac joints in the elderly: a kinematic and radiological study. Clin Biomech 7:170–176, 1992.
57. Pettman E: Principles and practices. In: Pettman E, ed. Manipulative Thrust Techniques – An Evidence-Based Approach. Abbotsford, BC: Aphema Publishing, 2006:12–26.
58. Krag MH: Three-Dimensional Flexibility Measurements of Preload Human Vertebral Motion Segments. New Haven, CT: Yale University School of Medicine, 1975.
59. Seifert MH, Whiteside CG, Savage O: A 5-year follow-up of fifty cases of idiopathic osteoarthritis of the hip.
Ann Rheum Dis 28:325–326, 1969.
[PubMed: 5772528]
60. Farfan HF: The scientific basis of manipulative procedures. Clin Rheum Dis 6:159–177, 1980.
61. White AA, Panjabi MM: Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. In: White AA, Panjabi MM, eds. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, 1990:106–108.
62. Fryette HH: Principles of Osteopathic Technique. Colorado, CO: Academy of Osteopathy, 1980.
63. Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Troyanovich SJ: Three-dimensional spinal coupling mechanics: part I. A review of the literature.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 21:101–113, 1998.
[PubMed: 9502066]
64. Brown L: An introduction to the treatment and examination of the spine by combined movements. Physiotherapy 74:347–353, 1988.
65. Edwards BC: Combined movements of the lumbar spine: examination and clinical significance. Aust J Physiother 25, 1979.
66. Edwards BC: Combined movements of the lumbar spine: examination and treatment. In: Palastanga N, Boyling JD, eds. Grieve's Modern Manual Therapy of the Vertebral Column. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1994:561–566.
67. Nachemson A, Vingard E: Assessment of patients with neck and back pain: a best evidence synthesis. In: Nachemson AL, Jonsson E, eds. Neck and Back Pain: The Scientific Evidence of Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000:189–235.
68. Riddle DL, Rothstein JM: Intertester reliability of McKenzie's classifications of the syndrome types present in patients with low back pain.
Spine 18:1333–1344, 1993.
[PubMed: 8093123]
69. Riddle DL: Classification and low back pain; a review of the literature and critical analysis of selected systems.
Phys Ther 78:708–737, 1998.
[PubMed: 9672545]
70. Maher CG, Moseley AM, Sherrington C, et al.: A description of the trials, reviews, and practice guidelines indexed in the PEDro database.
Physical Therapy 88:1068–1077, 2008.
[PubMed: 18635670]
71. Machado LA, Kamper SJ, Herbert RD, et al.: Analgesic effects of treatments for non-specific low back pain: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials.
Rheumatology 48:520–527, 2009.
[PubMed: 19109315]
72. Kent P, Keating J: Do primary-care clinicians think that nonspecific low back pain is one condition?
Spine 29:1022–1031, 2004.
[PubMed: 15105677]
73. Stanton TR, Fritz JM, Hancock MJ, et al.: Evaluation of a treatment-based classification algorithm for low back pain: a cross-sectional study. Phys Ther 91: 496–509 2011.
74. Bernard TN, Kirkaldy-Willis WH: Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain.
Clin Orthop 217:266–280, 1987.
[PubMed: 2951048]
75. Mooney V: The syndromes of low back disease.
Orthop Clin North Am 14:505–515, 1983.
[PubMed: 6306536]
76. Abenhaim L, Rossignol M, Gobeille D, et al.: The prognostic consequences in the making of the initial medical diagnosis of work-related back injuries.
Spine 20:791–795, 1995.
[PubMed: 7701392]
77. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al.: Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, AHCPR Publication 95-0642; 1994.
78. Spitzer WO: Approach to the problem. In: Scientific Approach to the Assessment and Management of Activity-Related Spinal Disorders: A Monograph for Clinicians. Spine 12:9–11, 1987.
79. Cyriax J: Textbook of Orthopaedic Medicine, Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Lesions, 8th ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1982.
80. Von Korff M: Studying the natural history of back pain. Spine 19:2041–2046, 1994.
81. Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders: Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal disorders: a monograph for clinicians. Report of the Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders. Spine 12(Suppl):1–59, 1987.
82. McKenzie RA: The Lumbar Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy. Waikanae, NZ: Spinal Publication, 1981.
83. McKenzie RA: The Cervical and Thoracic Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy. Waikanae, NZ: Spinal Publications, 1990.
84. Bouter LM, van Tulder MW, Koes BW: Methodologic issues in low back pain research in primary care.
Spine 23:2014–2020, 1998.
[PubMed: 9779536]
85. Downey BJ, Taylor NF, Niere KR: Manipulative physiotherapists can reliably palpate nominated lumbar spinal levels.
Man Ther 4:151–156, 1999.
[PubMed: 10513445]
86. Keating JC, Bergmann TF, Jacobs GE, et al.: Interexaminer reliability of eight evaluative dimensions of lumbar segmental abnormality.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 13:463–470, 1990.
[PubMed: 2146357]
87. Deepak S, Covvath R: Reliability of palpation assessment in non-neutral dysfunctions of the lumbar spine. Orthopaedic practice 16:23–26, 2004.
88. Binkley J, Stratford PW, Gill C: Interrater reliability of lumbar accessory motion mobility testing. Phys Ther Rev 75:786–792; discussion 793–795, 1995.
89. Donelson R, Silva G, Murphy K: Centralization phenomenon: its usefulness in evaluating and treating referred pain.
Spine 15:211–213, 1990.
[PubMed: 2141186]
90. Donelson R, Aprill C, Medcalf R, et al.: A prospective study of centralization in lumbar referred pain. A predictor of symptomatic discs and anular competence.
Spine 22:1115–1122, 1997.
[PubMed: 9160470]
91. Jacob G, McKenzie R: Spinal therapeutics based on responses to loading. In: Liebenson C, ed. Rehabilitation of the Spine: A Practitioner's Manual. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1996:225–252.
92. Donahue MS, Riddle DL, Sullivan MS: Intertester reliability of a modified version of McKenzie's lateral shift assessment obtained on patients with low back pain.
Phys Ther 76:706–726, 1996.
[PubMed: 8677276]
93. Donelson R: Reliability of the McKenzie assessment.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 30:770–773, 2000.
[PubMed: 11153557]
94. Donelson R, Grant W, Kamps C, et al.: Pain response to sagittal end-range spinal motion. A prospective, randomized, multicentered trial. Spine 16:S206–S212, 1991.
95. Tenhula JA, Rose SJ, Delitto A: Association between direction of lateral lumbar shift, movement tests, and side of symptoms in patients with low back pain syndromes.
Phys Ther 70:480–486, 1990.
[PubMed: 2142784]
96. Fritz JM, Delitto A, Vignovic M, et al.: Interrater reliability of judgements of the centralisation phenomenon and status change during movement testing in patients with low back pain.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81:57–60, 2000.
[PubMed: 10638877]
97. Kilby J, Stigant M, Roberts A: The reliability of back pain assessment by physiotherapists using a “Mckenzie algorithm.” Physiotherapy 76:579–583, 1990.
98. Razmjou H, Kramer JF, Yamada R: Intertester reliability of the McKenzie evaluation in assessing patients with mechanical low back pain.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 30:368–383, 2000.
[PubMed: 10907894]
99. Kilpikoski S, Airaksinen O, Kankaanpaa M, et al.: Interexaminer reliability of low back pain assessment using the McKenzie method. Spine 27:E207–E214, 2002.
100. Maher C, Adams R: Reliability of pain and stiffness assessments in clinical manual lumbar spine examination.
Phys Ther 74:801–807, 1994.
[PubMed: 8066107]
101. Delitto A, Erhard RE, Bowling RW: A treatment-based classification approach to low back syndrome: identifying and staging patients for conservative management.
Phys Ther 75:470–489, 1995.
[PubMed: 7770494]
102. Fritz JM, George S: The use of a classification approach to identify subgroups of patients with acute low back pain. Interrater reliability and short-term treatment outcomes.
Spine 25:106–114, 2000.
[PubMed: 10647168]
103. Natchev E: A Manual on Autotraction. Stockholm, Sweden: Folksam Scientific Council, 1984.
104. Meadows JTS: The Principles of the Canadian Approach to the Lumbar Dysfunction Patient, Management of Lumbar Spine Dysfunction – Independent Home Study Course. La Crosse, WI: APTA, Orthopaedic Section, 1999.
105. Kaltenborn FM: The Spine : Basic Evaluation and Mobilization Techniques. Wellington, New Zealand: University Press, 1993.
106. Kaltenborn FM: Manual Mobilization of the Extremity Joints: Basic Examination and Treatment Techniques, 4th ed. Oslo, Norway: Olaf Norlis Bokhandel, Universitetsgaten, 1989.
107. Evjenth O, Gloeck C: Symptom Localization in the Spine and Extremity Joints. Minneapolis, MN: OPTP, 2000.
108. Evjenth O, Hamberg J: Muscle Stretching in Manual Therapy, A Clinical Manual. Alfta, Sweden: Alfta Rehab Forlag, 1984.
109. Cyriax JH, Cyriax PJ: Illustrated Manual of Orthopaedic Medicine. London: Butterworth, 1983.
110. Mennell JB: The Science and Art of Joint Manipulation. London: J & A Churchill, 1949.
111. Mennell JM: Back Pain. Diagnosis and Treatment Using Manipulative Techniques. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company, 1960.
112. Mitchell FL, Moran PS, Pruzzo NA: An Evaluation and Treatment Manual of Osteopathic Muscle Energy Procedures. Manchester, MO: Mitchell, Moran and Pruzzo Associates, 1979.
113. Stoddard A: Manual of Osteopathic Practice. New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1969.
114. McGill SM, Childs A, Liebenson C: Endurance times for low back stabilization exercises: clinical targets for testing and training from a normal database.
Arch Phys Med Rehab 80:941–944, 1999.
[PubMed: 10453772]
115. Sweeney TB, Prentice C, Saal JA, et al.: Cervicothoracic muscular stabilization techniques. In: Saal JA, ed. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, State of the Art Reviews: Neck and Back Pain. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus, 1990:335–359.
116. Hyman J, Liebenson C: Spinal stabilization exercise program. In: Liebenson C, ed. Rehabilitation of the Spine: A Practitioner's Manual. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1996:293–317.
117. Jull GA, Janda V: Muscle and Motor control in low back pain. In: Twomey LT, Taylor JR, eds. Physical Therapy of the Low Back: Clinics in Physical Therapy. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1987:258–278.
118. Janda V: Muscles and motor control in cervicogenic disorders: assessment and management. In: Grant R, ed. Physical Therapy of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1994:195–216.
119. Sahrmann SA: Diagnosis and Treatment of Movement Impairment Syndromes. St Louis, MO: Mosby, 2001.
120. Knott M, Voss DE: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Harper & Row Pub Inc., 1968.
121. Feldenkrais M: The Elusive Obvious. Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications, 1981.
122. Maher C, Latimer J, Adams R: An investigation of the reliability and validity of posteroanterior spinal stiffness judgments made using a reference-based protocol.
Phys Ther 78:829–837, 1998.
[PubMed: 9711208]
123. Smedmark V, Wallin M, Arvidsson I: Inter-examiner reliability in assessing passive intervertebral motion of the cervical spine.
Man Ther 5:97–101, 2000.
[PubMed: 10903585]
124. Gonnella C, Paris SV, Kutner M: Reliability in evaluating passive intervertebral motion.
Phys Ther Rev 62:436–444, 1982.
[PubMed: 7063535]
125. Exelby L: The locked lumbar facet joint: intervention using mobilizations with movement.
Man Ther 6:116–121, 2001.
[PubMed: 11414781]
126. Janda V: Muscles, motor regulation and back problems. In: Korr IM, ed. The Neurological Mechanisms in Manipulative Therapy. New York, NY: Plenum, 1978:27–41.
127. Riddle DL: Measurement of accessory motion: critical issues and related concepts.
Phys Ther 72:865–874, 1992.
[PubMed: 1454862]
128. Hayes KW, Petersen CM: Reliability of assessing end-feel and pain and resistance sequence in subjects with painful shoulders and knees.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31:432–445, 2001.
[PubMed: 11508613]
129. Petersen CM, Hayes KW: Construct validity of Cyriax's selective tension examination: association of end-feels with pain at the knee and shoulder.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 30:512–527, 2000.
[PubMed: 10994861]
130. Huijbregts PA: Spinal motion palpation: a review of reliability studies. J Man & Manip Ther 10:24–39, 2002.
131. Dvorak J, Panjabi M, Novotny J, et al.: Clinical validation of functional flexion-extension roentgenograms of the lumbar spine.
Spine 16:943–950, 1991.
[PubMed: 1835156]
132. Pope M, Frymoyer J, Krag M: Diagnosing instability. Clin Orthop 296:60–67, 1992.
133. Phillips DR, Twomey LT: Comparison of manual diagnosis with a diagnosis established by a uni-level spinal block procedure. In: Singer KP, ed. Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial Conference, Manipulative Therapist Association of Australia. Perth, Australia: 1993:55–61.
134. Avery A: The Reliability of Manual Physiotherapy Palpation Techniques in the Diagnosis of Bilateral Pars Defects in Subjects with Chronic Low Back Pain. Western Australia: Curtin University of Technology, 1996.