Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content ++ Fetal alcohol syndromePartial fetal alcohol syndromeAlcohol related neurological disorderAlcohol related birth defects ++ 779.4 Drug reactions and intoxications specific to newborn1 ++ Q86.0 Fetal alcohol syndrome (dysmorphic)2 ++ Pattern 5B: Impaired neuromotor development3 +++ Description ++ Includes range of severity of defects related to excessive maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy4Characterized byShort statureMicrocephalyDevelopmental delaysAtypical facial featuresCognitive impairment +++ Essentials of Diagnosis ++ Partial fetal alcohol syndromeCharacterized by at least two typical facial characteristics and one other typical syndrome characteristic4Alcohol related neurological disorder (ARND)Less severe form4 that does not involve atypical facial features but does involve at least one other typical syndrome characteristic4Alcohol related birth defectsIncludes at least two facial characteristics, at least one major congenital organ defect, and at least two minor defects2 +++ General Considerations ++ Prenatal exposure to alcohol is the most common preventable cause of mental retardationMay also have4Cardiac defectsNeural tube defectsGenitourinary defectsBehavioral problemsStranger anxietyInappropriate social interactionsPoor judgment +++ Demographics ++ 30% to 40% of offspring of mothers whose daily intake of alcohol exceeds 3 ounces40.5 to 2 per 1,000 live births4 +++ Signs and Symptoms4 ++ GrowthShort statureDevelopmental delayFailure to thrivePrenatal and postnatal growth deficiencyCraniofascialShort palpebral fissuresAtypical facial featuresFlat philtrumThin vermillion of upper lipCentral nervous systemMicrocephalyOptic nerve hypoplasiaHypotonicPartial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosumCognitive impairmentTremors +++ Functional Implications ++ Difficulty with complex cognitive function4Short attention spanDifficulty with short term memoryDifficulty with balance and coordination +++ Possible Contributing Causes ++ Consumption of more than 3 ounces of alcohol per day during pregnancy4 +++ Imaging ++ Computerized tomography (CT scan)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Maternal ultrasound +++ Medication ++ There are no medications that directly address FASDMedications may be used to treat symptoms such as:Stimulants to treat hyperactivityAntidepressants, antianxiety medication, or neuroleptics to address behavioral difficulties5 ++ NeurologistOtolaryngologistGastroenterologistOccupational therapistSpeech therapist ++ Frequently fall when walkingDecreased coordination ++ Bayley Scales of Infant Development-IIPeabody Development Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2)Neonatal Behavioral Assessment ScaleBruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency ++ Early intervention services5Behavioral therapy5Developmental activitiesAcquisition of motor milestones through facilitationTherapeutic exerciseCoordinationBalanceStrengthening ++ Ambulate through an obstacle course without falling within 3 months to increase stabilityWalk forward on a low balance beam ... Your Access profile is currently affiliated with [InstitutionA] and is in the process of switching affiliations to [InstitutionB]. Please select how you would like to proceed. Keep the current affiliation with [InstitutionA] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Switch affiliation to [InstitutionB] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual Sign In Error: Incorrect UserName or Password Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Sign in Forgot Password? Forgot Username? Download the Access App: iOS | Android Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth You already have access! Please proceed to your institution's subscription. Create a free profile for additional features.