Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content ++ RhinitisRhinosinusitisSinusitisNasopharyngitisPharyngitisEpiglottitisLaryngitisLaryngotracheitisTracheitis ++ 465.9 Acute upper respiratory infections of unspecified sitePT diagnoses/treatment diagnoses that may be associated with respiratory disorders780.7 Malaise and fatigue786.0 Dyspnea and respiratory abnormalities786.05 Shortness of breath ++ J06.9 Acute upper respiratory infection, unspecified ++ 6C: Impaired Ventilation, Respiration/Gas Exchange, and Aerobic Capacity/Endurance Associated With Airway Clearance Dysfunction6F: Impaired Ventilation and Respiration/Gas Exchange Associated With Respiratory Failure +++ Description ++ Non-specific term for acute infections in the nose, paranasal, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchiViruses are the main cause +++ Essentials of Diagnosis ++ Diagnosis is based upon clinical manifestation2Sinusitis and acute bronchitis usually occur after a common cold +++ General Considerations ++ Influenza is a systemic illness involving the respiratory tract that is separate from URISpread by aerosol, droplet, hand-to-hand contactAntibiotics have no to limited role in the treatment of the common cold or URI2 +++ Demographics ++ Across the lifespan +++ Signs and Symptoms1 ++ EdemaNasal congestionSneezingHeadacheLocal swellingFeverSore throatChest tightnessWheezingCoughShoulder raised to allow increased lung air flowShortness of breathTensed muscles from dyspnea +++ Functional Implications ++ Disabling dyspnea when performing simple tasks such asArm elevation to reach into cabinetDecreased exercise tolerancePatients with mononucleosis should avoid contact sports for 6 weeks as fear of splenic rupture +++ Possible Contributing Causes ++ SmokingCocaine useAir pollutionLong-term exposure to lung irritantsEnvironmental irritantsPeriodontal diseaseDeviated septumImmunodeficiency disorders +++ Differential Diagnosis ++ InfluenzaMeaslesAsthmaChickenpoxGastroesophageal reflux diseaseLudwig’s anginaBronchiectasisAdult cystic fibrosisKawasaki diseasePneumoniaGoiterBronchitisAsthma (reversible)Central airway obstructionLung tumorTuberculosis +++ Laboratory Tests ++ Viral cultureNasopharyngeal swab for influenza +++ Imaging ++ Chest radiographCT for sinuses ++ Acute sinusitis on CT will show complete opacification and air-fluid level1 ++ For imaging, x-rayMedication: anti-inflammatory agents, bronchodilators, expectorants, antihistamines, or vaccinesSurgical consult, deviated septumEar, nose, and throat (ENT) physicianPulmonologist ++ Exercise limitationShortness of breathLimited endurance capacity ++ Increased fluid intakeSmoking cessationManual sinus drainageCoughing techniquesPulmonary rehabilitation (PR)Enhances the patient’s sense of well-beingImproves exercise capacityInspiratory muscle training (IMT) ++ Improve oxygenationAchieved byReducing airway edema secondary to inflammation and bronchospasmFacilitating elimination of bronchial secretionsPreventing/treating respiratory infectionIncrease exercise toleranceAvoid irritants/allergensRelieve anxiety/treat depressionImprove muscle oxidative capacityPatient will be able toAmbulate more than 600 m in a ... Your MyAccess profile is currently affiliated with '[InstitutionA]' and is in the process of switching affiliations to '[InstitutionB]'. Please click ‘Continue’ to continue the affiliation switch, otherwise click ‘Cancel’ to cancel signing in. Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual Sign In Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Forgot Username? Forgot Password? Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth