Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content ++ RhinitisRhinosinusitisSinusitisNasopharyngitisPharyngitisEpiglottitisLaryngitisLaryngotracheitisTracheitis ++ 465.9 Acute upper respiratory infections of unspecified sitePT diagnoses/treatment diagnoses that may be associated with respiratory disorders780.7 Malaise and fatigue786.0 Dyspnea and respiratory abnormalities786.05 Shortness of breath ++ J06.9 Acute upper respiratory infection, unspecified ++ 6C: Impaired Ventilation, Respiration/Gas Exchange, and Aerobic Capacity/Endurance Associated With Airway Clearance Dysfunction6F: Impaired Ventilation and Respiration/Gas Exchange Associated With Respiratory Failure +++ Description ++ Non-specific term for acute infections in the nose, paranasal, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchiViruses are the main cause +++ Essentials of Diagnosis ++ Diagnosis is based upon clinical manifestation2Sinusitis and acute bronchitis usually occur after a common cold +++ General Considerations ++ Influenza is a systemic illness involving the respiratory tract that is separate from URISpread by aerosol, droplet, hand-to-hand contactAntibiotics have no to limited role in the treatment of the common cold or URI2 +++ Demographics ++ Across the lifespan +++ Signs and Symptoms1 ++ EdemaNasal congestionSneezingHeadacheLocal swellingFeverSore throatChest tightnessWheezingCoughShoulder raised to allow increased lung air flowShortness of breathTensed muscles from dyspnea +++ Functional Implications ++ Disabling dyspnea when performing simple tasks such asArm elevation to reach into cabinetDecreased exercise tolerancePatients with mononucleosis should avoid contact sports for 6 weeks as fear of splenic rupture +++ Possible Contributing Causes ++ SmokingCocaine useAir pollutionLong-term exposure to lung irritantsEnvironmental irritantsPeriodontal diseaseDeviated septumImmunodeficiency disorders +++ Differential Diagnosis ++ InfluenzaMeaslesAsthmaChickenpoxGastroesophageal reflux diseaseLudwig’s anginaBronchiectasisAdult cystic fibrosisKawasaki diseasePneumoniaGoiterBronchitisAsthma (reversible)Central airway obstructionLung tumorTuberculosis +++ Laboratory Tests ++ Viral cultureNasopharyngeal swab for influenza +++ Imaging ++ Chest radiographCT for sinuses ++ Acute sinusitis on CT will show complete opacification and air-fluid level1 ++ For imaging, x-rayMedication: anti-inflammatory agents, bronchodilators, expectorants, antihistamines, or vaccinesSurgical consult, deviated septumEar, nose, and throat (ENT) physicianPulmonologist ++ Exercise limitationShortness of breathLimited endurance capacity ++ Increased fluid intakeSmoking cessationManual sinus drainageCoughing techniquesPulmonary rehabilitation (PR)Enhances the patient’s sense of well-beingImproves exercise capacityInspiratory muscle training (IMT) ++ Improve oxygenationAchieved byReducing airway edema secondary to inflammation and bronchospasmFacilitating elimination of bronchial secretionsPreventing/treating respiratory infectionIncrease exercise toleranceAvoid irritants/allergensRelieve anxiety/treat depressionImprove muscle oxidative capacityPatient will be able toAmbulate more than 600 m in a ... Your Access profile is currently affiliated with [InstitutionA] and is in the process of switching affiliations to [InstitutionB]. Please select how you would like to proceed. Keep the current affiliation with [InstitutionA] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Switch affiliation to [InstitutionB] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual Sign In Error: Incorrect UserName or Password Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Sign in Forgot Password? Forgot Username? Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth You already have access! Please proceed to your institution's subscription. Create a free profile for additional features.