Directional Movements for Body Joints

C–1

Neck extension. ©William E. Prentice

A woman with an upturned face. Her neck area is extended.

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C–2

Neck flexion. ©William E. Prentice

A woman with head tilted forward and chin down, and back of neck extended.

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C–3

Neck lateral side-bending. ©William E. Prentice

A woman with her head tilted toward her left shoulder.

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C–4

Neck rotation. ©William E. Prentice

A woman with her face turned to the left and chin parallel to the ground.

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C–5

Shoulder flexion. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and stretching her right arm straight above her head.

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C–6

Shoulder extension. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and moving her right arm downward and behind her body so that the hand is parallel to the ground.

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C–7

Shoulder abduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and raising her right arm beside her ear with the palm facing forward and fingers pointing upward.

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C–8

Shoulder adduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and moving her right arm downward beside her hips with her palm facing forward and fingers pointing downward.

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C–9

Shoulder horizontal abduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and stretching her right arm to the right side at the level of the shoulder, straight and parallel to the floor with her palm facing forward.

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C–10

Shoulder horizontal adduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and stretching her right arm toward the middle of the body at the level of her shoulders.

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C–11

Shoulder internal rotation. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and bending her right elbow against her abdomen so that the arm is at 90 degrees and parallel to the floor. Her fist is clenched.

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C–12

Shoulder external rotation. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and bending her right elbow away from the body so that the arm is at 90 degrees and parallel to the floor. Her fist is clenched.

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C–13

Shoulder scaption. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and stretching her right arm forward at the level of her chest, straight and parallel to the floor. Her fingers are pointed straight.

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C–14

Shoulder circumduction. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and bending slightly forward with her right arm stretched forward and downward at knee level.

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C–15

Elbow extension. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing with her right arm held downward and close to her body, and fingers held in a fist.

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C–16

Elbow flexion. ©William E. Prentice

A woman standing and bending her right elbow so that it is angulated downward and moves her forearm toward her body from the front.

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C–17

Forearm pronation. ©William E. Prentice

A right hand with the elbow bent such that it is angulated downward extending the forearm forward with fingers held in a fist facing the ground.

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C–18

Forearm supination. ©William E. Prentice

A right hand with the elbow bent such that it is angulated downward and the forearm and palm facing upward with fingers held in a fist.

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Appendix C: Directional Movements for Body Joints

Citation

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C–1

C–2

C–3

C–4

C–5

C–6

C–7

C–8

C–9

C–10

C–11

C–12

C–13

C–14

C–15

C–16

C–17

C–18

C–19

C–20

C–21

C–22

C–23

C–24

C–25

C–26

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C–1

C–2

C–3

C–4

C–5

C–6

C–7

C–8

C–9

C–10

C–11

C–12

C–13

C–14

C–15

C–16

C–17

C–18

C–19

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C–23

C–24

C–25

C–26

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