TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Chapter 35. Tardive Dyskinesia A1 - Horn, Stacy A1 - Goetz, Christopher G. A2 - Watts, Ray L. A2 - Standaert, David G. A2 - Obeso, Jose A. PY - 2012 T2 - Movement Disorders, 3e AB - The term “tardive dyskinesia” (TD) applies only to abnormal involuntary movements resulting from chronic treatment with agents that block central dopamine receptors. In most instances, these drugs are antipsychotic neuroleptic agents. Nonetheless, other dopaminergic receptor blockers such as metoclopramide are associated with the same disorder.1 Schoenecker associated oral–facial dyskinesia with chlorpromazine treatment in 1957, yet three decades later a cause-and-effect relationship between neuroleptic therapy and involuntary movements was still questioned.2,3 The controversy persisted in part because neuroleptics are most commonly used to treat psychosis and agitated senile depression; mannerisms resembling the movements of TD can occur spontaneously in some persons with psychosis and in normal elderly patients.4 SN - PB - The McGraw-Hill Companies CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=55801320 ER -