RT Book, Section A1 Moasser, Mark M. A1 Ai, Weiyun Z. A2 Hammer, Gary D. A2 McPhee, Stephen J. SR Print(0) ID 1156656322 T1 Neoplasia T2 Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 8e YR 2019 FD 2019 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781260026504 LK accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1156656322 RD 2024/03/28 AB Cell growth and maturation are normal events in organ development during embryogenesis, growth, and tissue repair, and in remodeling after injury. Disordered regulation of these processes can result in loss of control over cell growth, differentiation, and spatial confinement. Human neoplasia collectively represents a spectrum of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth, loss of tissue homeostasis, and distorted architecture. Such new growth is called a neoplasm or tumor and can sometimes be a proliferative process confined to one specific tissue site with little systemic manifestations and no threat to the overall state of health. The term “benign” is often used to describe such low-impact tumors, which include many common growths such as dermal nevi, warts, and uterine fibroids. The term “cancer” or “malignant tumor” is used to describe a more advanced form of neoplasia that involves tissue invasion and destruction and defines an inherently progressive biologic process that can culminate in systemic disease and host death. The process of tumorigenesis involves a series of stochastic events in a proliferative context that can generate unlimited diversity in the molecular and phenotypic attributes of tumor cells, both among affected individuals and within a single affected individual. Classification schemes have been devised to provide a framework to reduce this complexity and capture many of the shared attributes of cancers, which are largely based on tissue type and organ of origin. Each type of cancer can exhibit a diversity of biologic behaviors among different patients, and molecular or histologic attributes are used to further sub-classify cancers and identify patterns of behavior.