RT Book, Section A1 Jeukendrup, Asker A1 Carter, James A2 Burke, Louise A2 Deakin, Vicki A2 Minehan, Michelle SR Print(0) ID 1185564420 T1 Competition Fluid and Fuel T2 Clinical Sports Nutrition, 6e YR 2021 FD 2021 PB McGraw Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd PP New York, NY SN 9781743767900 LK accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1185564420 RD 2023/12/07 AB Although research has shown that ingestion of carbohydrate (CHO) and fluids can improve performance, this is not necessarily true for all individuals in all situations. The amount of fluid and the amount of CHO that should be ingested are dependent on the goals of the individual, the nature and duration of the event, the climatic conditions, the pre-event nutritional status, and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the individual. The circumstances of each athlete, each sport and each competition must therefore be considered when choosing what or whether to eat and drink; it is not possible to give ‘one size fits all’ advice. In a few situations, athletes can get it wrong, and performance can suffer if the type or amount of food and fluid ingested are inappropriate. Drinking too much may be even more harmful than drinking too little (Hew-Butler et al. 2008). Inappropriate intake of nutrients can also contribute to gastrointestinal problems during exercise, and the symptoms can be so severe that they will have an adverse effect on performance. Personalisation of sports nutrition for performance, and to support training and promote recovery and adaptation, is therefore required.