RT Book, Section
A1 Horn, Stacy
A1 Goetz, Christopher G.
A2 Watts, Ray L.
A2 Standaert, David G.
A2 Obeso, Jose A.
SR Print(0)
ID 55801320
T1 Chapter 35. Tardive Dyskinesia
T2 Movement Disorders, 3e
YR 2012
FD 2012
PB The McGraw-Hill Companies
PP New York, NY
SN 978-0-07-161312-5
LK accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=55801320
RD 2024/04/18
AB The  term  “tardive  dyskinesia”  (TD)  applies  only  to  abnormal  involuntary  movements  resulting  from  chronic  treatment  with  agents  that  block  central  dopamine  receptors.  In  most  instances,  these  drugs  are  antipsychotic  neuroleptic  agents.  Nonetheless,  other  dopaminergic  receptor  blockers  such  as  metoclopramide  are  associated  with  the  same  disorder.1  Schoenecker  associated  oral–facial  dyskinesia  with  chlorpromazine  treatment  in  1957,  yet  three  decades  later  a  cause-and-effect  relationship  between  neuroleptic  therapy  and  involuntary  movements  was  still  questioned.2,3  The  controversy  persisted  in  part  because  neuroleptics  are  most  commonly  used  to  treat  psychosis  and  agitated  senile  depression;  mannerisms  resembling  the  movements  of  TD  can  occur  spontaneously  in  some  persons  with  psychosis  and  in  normal  elderly  patients.4